Gearbox, clutch and transmission
Problems with the driveshafts and transmission: symptoms, cost and affected models
We have documented 65 faults with the driveshafts and transmission in 1 engine and 62 cars, affecting 64 models of car in our database. The most important by severity and frequency: fragile xDrive transfer case, with jerking under acceleration (BMW X3 E83), transfer case wear (all-wheel drive) and oil leaks from the transmission (Porsche Cayenne II) and rear propshaft bearing support without the intended bushes (Ford Transit).
How it works and why it fails
Driveshafts, propshaft and four-wheel drive
The transmission carries drive from the gearbox to the wheels: driveshafts with CV joints on front-wheel-drive cars, and a propshaft, differentials and transfer case on rear-wheel-drive or four-wheel-drive ones.
What to do
Clicking when turning with the steering on full lock usually points to a worn CV joint; vibrations when accelerating or a dull noise that varies with speed point to the propshaft or the differentials. Check the gaiters: if they split, dirt gets in and the joint is destroyed.
General explanation by MotorFiable. The specific faults of each engine and car, with their sources, are on the linked pages.
Common symptoms
The symptoms that come up most often in the documented faults with the driveshafts and transmission. Open each one to see what other faults cause it.
Problems with the driveshafts and transmission by engine
From most to least important (severity × frequency). Each page details the affected versions and years, symptoms, cost and how to check for it.
Problems with the driveshafts and transmission by car
Faults documented on specific cars, which occur with any engine. From most to least important.
- 1High severityFrequency: CommonBMW X3 E83Fragile xDrive transfer case, with jerking under accelerationThe xDrive transfer case on the X3 E83 has gears that are not very robust and can fail if mismatched tyres, uneven pressures between axles or old oil are combined, causing jerking under acceleration; fiches-auto.fr lists around 43 cases among its owner testimonies.
- 2High severityFrequency: CommonPorsche Cayenne IITransfer case wear (all-wheel drive) and oil leaks from the transmissionYes: the transfer case, which splits torque between the axles, is the best-documented weak point in the Cayenne II's transmission. It causes judder when manoeuvring or pulling away gently, and CarWiki cites oil leaks from the transmission already showing up at the first MOT, at three years old.
- 3Critical severityFrequency: OccasionalFord TransitRear propshaft bearing support without the intended bushesRecall 20S70 covers Transits built from 24 September 2019 to 25 August 2020: the rear propshaft bearing support may have been fitted without the intended bushes, so the shaft could come loose and touch the ground.
- 4Critical severityFrequency: OccasionalInfiniti Q50Driveshaft (propeller shaft) with insufficient fatigue strength: risk of fractureYes: Infiniti is recalling the driveshafts of Q50s (type V37) built up to 19 May 2022 because the universal joints are not inserted deeply enough into the tubes, and the shaft can crack and break in use. Safety Gate classes it as serious and cites 12,953 vehicles worldwide.
- 5Critical severityFrequency: OccasionalLancia Ypsilon IIIFaulty front right driveshaft that could break while driving (late 2018 cars)Yes: in August 2019 a recall was notified over the Ypsilon's front right driveshaft, which could be faulty and break while the car was moving. It affected cars built in late 2018 (up to 11 December); confirm your chassis number at an authorised dealer.
- 6Critical severityFrequency: OccasionalMercedes-Benz Clase G W463Front right driveshaft retaining ring incorrectly fitted or missing, with a risk of wheel lock-up (December 2017 to April 2018)Yes: Safety Gate alert A12/0943/18 affects type 463 G-Class built between December 2017 and April 2018 because the retaining ring of the front right driveshaft may be incorrectly fitted or missing, and the front right wheel could suddenly lock and cause an accident.
- 7High severityFrequency: OccasionalBMW Serie 5 F10xDrive transfer case fault on the 5 Series F10Gebrauchtwagenberater.de notes that the xDrive transfer case can cause faults that are expensive to repair; fiches-auto.fr cites it with very few cases. Mixed tyres and not changing the oil accelerate wear.
- 8High severityFrequency: OccasionalBMW X1 E84xDrive transfer case failure on the X1 E84According to the fiches-auto.fr reports, the xDrive transfer case on the X1 E84 appears in 26 cases, with jerking and thumps in the drivetrain between 27,000 and 110,000 km. It is an owner reference, not a fault confirmed by the manufacturer.Appears at around 27,000 km
- 9High severityFrequency: OccasionalBMW X3 F25xDrive transfer case failureAccording to reports collected by fiches-auto.fr, the transfer case of the X3 F25's xDrive system fails on several cars (cases at 70,000, 92,000, 130,000 and 138,000 km), with jerks at low speed, vibrations and noises; a full replacement is cited at around 4,200 CHF.Appears at around 70,000 km
- 10High severityFrequency: OccasionalBMW X5 E53Transfer case wear on the X5 E53 (partly plastic gears)According to the owner reports collected by fiches-auto.fr (206 for the 2000-2007 X5), the four-wheel-drive transfer case accounts for 28 cases, with partly plastic gears that end up failing.
- 11High severityFrequency: OccasionalBMW X5 E70xDrive transfer case failure on the X5 E70According to testimonies on fiches-auto.fr, the X5 E70 transfer case accounts for 18 mentions out of 152 testimonies, with jerking during low-speed manoeuvres, vibrations and 4x4/DSC warnings, linked to neglected oil changes and wear of the internal clutch plates.
- 12High severityFrequency: OccasionalBMW X6 E71xDrive transfer case failure on the X6 E71According to fiches-auto.fr, the X6 E71's transfer case appears in 8 mentions out of 128 testimonies, with 4x4/DSC warnings, jerking during manoeuvres and vibrations; one case cites a destroyed case at 184,000 km (2010 model).
- 13High severityFrequency: OccasionalCitroën C-ElyséeBreakage of the outer pinion of the right driveshaft due to missing heat treatmentA recall from January 2022 covers C-Elysées built between 12 and 21 April 2021: the outer pinion of the right driveshaft can break because of missing heat treatment, and the engine keeps turning but torque no longer reaches the driven wheels.
- 14High severityFrequency: OccasionalMercedes-Benz Clase E W213Wear of the propshaft universal joint spider with possible loss of driveYes: in 2026 Mercedes-Benz recalled 201,031 vehicles worldwide, including the E-Class W213 built between late 2017 and late 2019, because the propshaft universal joint spider can wear and end up interrupting the transmission of power.
- 15High severityFrequency: OccasionalMercedes-Benz Clase M W1644Matic all-wheel-drive transfer case failureAccording to the owner testimonies collected by fiches-auto.fr, the all-wheel-drive transfer case is a weak point of the M-Class W164: the page records around 27 cases, including a replacement at 144,000 km paid for by the owner at around €5,000.
- 16High severityFrequency: OccasionalMercedes-Benz CLS C257Driveshaft universal joint (cardan) spider wear with possible loss of driveYes: according to t-online, the Mercedes campaign registered by the KBA under reference 16363R reaches 201,031 vehicles worldwide, including the CLS (257 series) built from 1 October 2017 to 19 December 2019. The spider of the driveshaft joint can wear and, in the worst case, cut the transmission of power.
- 17High severityFrequency: OccasionalMercedes-Benz GLA X156Rear differential noise and vibrations on the all-wheel-drive GLAAccording to fiches-auto.fr, 11 of 116 GLA reports cite the transmission or differential, with vibrations when pulling away, dull noises or loss of traction; one owner reports a failed differential at 58,000 km.
- 18High severityFrequency: OccasionalMercedes-Benz GLC X253Wear of the propshaft spider with possible loss of driveYes: Mercedes-Benz recalled 201,031 vehicles worldwide in 2026 -including the GLC X253 built between late 2017 and late 2019- because the propshaft spider can wear and end up interrupting the transmission of power.
- 19High severityFrequency: OccasionalMitsubishi Outlander IIIBadly machined transfer case oil seal, with oil loss and loss of driveOn certain 2012-2013 Outlander IIIs the transfer case oil seal could move out of position because of incorrect machining by a supplier, so that the automatic gearbox fluid passed into the transfer case and lowered its pressure. In the worst case, all drive was lost; the fix was to replace the transfer case.
- 20High severityFrequency: OccasionalPeugeot 301Breakage of the outer pinion of the right driveshaft due to missing heat treatmentA recall from January 2022 covers 301s built between 12 and 21 April 2021: the outer pinion of the right driveshaft can break because of missing heat treatment, and the engine keeps turning but torque no longer reaches the driven wheels.
- 21High severityFrequency: OccasionalSuzuki S-Cross IInsufficient oil level in the rear differential of the four-wheel drive (4x4 versions)On the first S-Cross 4x4 vehicles (2013-2014), Suzuki issued a recall over a possible insufficient oil level in the rear differential: because of a fault in the factory fill, around half could be missing, and with too little oil the differential could become noisy and end up locking.
- 22High severityFrequency: OccasionalVolvo S40 IICracks and possible breakage of the right driveshaft on 2011-2012 Volvo S40sYes: a Safety Gate alert (A12/0501/13) covers the 2011-2012 C30, S40 and V50 because the right driveshaft can crack over time and, in the worst case, break and leave the car suddenly without drive. The UK register limits it to cars built between April 2011 and May 2012.
- 23High severityFrequency: OccasionalVolvo V50Cracks and possible breakage of the right driveshaft on 2011-2012 Volvo V50sYes: a Safety Gate alert (A12/0501/13) covers the 2011-2012 C30, S40 and V50 because the right driveshaft can crack over time and, in the worst case, break and leave the car suddenly without drive. The UK register limits it to cars built between April 2011 and May 2012.
- 24High severityFrequency: OccasionalVolvo XC60 INoise and failure of the rear differential and the Haldex all-wheel-drive systemAccording to the testimonials collected by fiches-auto.fr, it is the most-cited non-engine fault on the all-wheel-drive XC60: bearing noise from the rear end, and differential or driveshaft replacements between roughly 100,000 and 160,000 km.
- 25Medium severityFrequency: CommonMercedes-Benz Clase B W245Wear and splitting of the driveshaft CV joint gaitersIt is the most cited fault outside the engine among B-Class W245 owners: the driveshaft CV joint gaiters crack and let the grease escape, which produces a clicking noise on full steering lock and, if they are not replaced in time, can end up damaging the joint.
- 26Medium severityFrequency: CommonPorsche Cayenne IWorn centre bearing of the propshaft: vibration and knockingYes: the centre bearing of the propshaft is a known weak point on the Cayenne I. When it wears, it causes strong vibration when accelerating or at low revs, and a dull knocking under the centre tunnel; the sources attribute it to a rubber mount that does not last long.
- 27Critical severityFrequency: RareFiat 500Right-hand front driveshaft (half-shaft) that can give way on the move (July 2019 campaign, ref. 6228)In July 2019 Fiat registered campaign 6228 because the right-hand front driveshaft (half-shaft) on some 500 units could develop problems and give way while the car was moving. The source consulted does not detail the production period or the number of units affected.
- 28Critical severityFrequency: RareOpel Combo EOil leak in the transfer case of 4x4 versionsA 2024 campaign (ref. KJW-231260EE) affects Combo versions with a 4x4 transfer case built between April and December 2019, in which a defective oil seal could cause the rear wheels to lock and the vehicle to go out of control.
- 29Medium severityFrequency: OccasionalAlfa Romeo 156Alfa Romeo 156 driveshaft and transmission wearAccording to owner reports collected by fiches-auto.fr, 23 of about 244 owners of the 156 cite driveshaft or transmission problems, including on high-mileage cars.
- 30Medium severityFrequency: OccasionalBMW Serie 6 F12/F13Juddering from the xDrive transfer boxOn xDrive 6 Series, the transfer box can judder and vibrate under partial load, especially with mismatched tyres or old oil.
- 31Medium severityFrequency: OccasionalBMW X4 F26xDrive transfer case failure: jerking and vibrations at low speedAccording to reports on fiches-auto.fr, the xDrive transfer case can cause jerking, vibrations and noise at low speed; in one case it was replaced at 110,000 km. The fiche points to worn actuator gears or tyres of different circumference.
- 32Medium severityFrequency: OccasionalChrysler 300CWear of the driveshaft flexible couplings («Hardy» joints)AUTO BILD states that the flexible «Hardy» joints on the driveshaft «capitulate» under the torque of the 300C's powerful engines. The magazine adds that the parts are identical to those of the Mercedes E-Class and cost less at a Mercedes dealer, although it gives no figures.
- 33Medium severityFrequency: OccasionalDacia Duster IIPremature wear of the gearbox, clutch and transfer case on 4x4 versionsOn the four-wheel-drive 4x4 versions, the specialist press and several owners describe faster-than-usual wear of the gearbox, clutch and transfer case, with noises and, in some cases, failures that force expensive repairs.
- 34Medium severityFrequency: OccasionalDacia Sandero ISuspension play, steering ball joints and driveshafts on the Sandero IAccording to the TÜV report cited by gebrauchtwagenberater.de, wheel suspension, steering, ball joints and driveshafts are a frequent reason for the Sandero I to fail inspection. It is a single source, with no figures per part.
- 35Medium severityFrequency: OccasionalFiat BravoFiat Bravo wheel bearing wear and driveshaft defectsAccording to the reports gathered by fiches-auto.fr, wheel bearings fail between 85,000 and 185,000 km (around €400 in one case) and defects of the front right driveshaft are cited (over €650). There is no official campaign.
- 36Medium severityFrequency: OccasionalFord Kuga IHaldex all-wheel drive pumpOn all-wheel drive first-generation Kugas, the pre-charge pump of the Haldex coupling can fail because of sludge in the oil, and the rear wheels stop receiving torque; it shows because the front wheels spin.
- 37Medium severityFrequency: OccasionalHyundai Elantra IWear of the driveshaft constant velocity jointsA press review of the used Elantra XD describes the original constant velocity joints as not very durable: around 200,000 km they are likely to need attention, and many owners recommend replacing the gaiters and grease early to extend their life.
- 38Medium severityFrequency: OccasionalHyundai Tucson IWear of steering ball joints, axle mounts and driveshafts picked up at TÜV inspectionsAccording to the used-car listing on gebrauchtwagenberater.de, backed by TÜV reports, worn axle mounts, driveshafts and steering ball joints are among the defects that most often make first-generation Tucsons fail the inspection. There are no figures or official campaign.
- 39Medium severityFrequency: OccasionalKia Carens IIDamaged or unsealed driveshaft gaitersIn the data from Dutch periodic inspections (APK), a damaged or unsealed driveshaft gaiter appears every year among the most frequently recorded serious defects on Carens from 2002 to 2005, at rates of 6% to 9%. These are figures for cars rejected at inspection, not a count of breakdowns in Spain.
- 40Medium severityFrequency: OccasionalKia Cerato IWear of the CV joints and rust on the driveshaft splinesAccording to the used Cerato I press review, the CV joints tend to last between 100,000 and 200,000 km and many fail near 100,000 km; in addition, the driveshaft splines rust if they are not greased every few years and the shaft can end up spinning freely.Appears at around 100,000 km
- 41Medium severityFrequency: OccasionalLancia Ypsilon IIFragile driveshafts on the Lancia Ypsilon (843)Al Volante includes fragile driveshafts among the problems of the Ypsilon (843), along with brake system anomalies and other faults. It gives no specific years, mileage or cost, and the source does not detail what the fault consists of.
- 42Medium severityFrequency: OccasionalLand Rover Range Rover Evoque IFailures of the Haldex coupling, the transfer case and the rear differentialEvoque I owners cite failures of the Haldex coupling of the four-wheel drive (a system-not-available warning, loss of power, a failed pump), of the transfer case bearing and of the rear axle. A workshop source attributes it in part to Haldex oil not being changed in time.
- 43Medium severityFrequency: OccasionalNissan Leaf IIAbnormal noises from the reduction gearSome Leaf IIs have abnormal noises, growls or whistles, coming from the reduction gear, the single gear that connects the electric motor to the wheels.
- 44Medium severityFrequency: OccasionalNissan Micra IIINoise from wheel bearings and CV jointsOn the Micra III, wheel bearings, CV joints and suspension parts such as bushes and shock absorbers can wear sooner than expected, with noise when turning and geometry that can affect tyre wear.
- 45Medium severityFrequency: OccasionalNissan Qashqai IIPremature gearbox wear on all-wheel-drive (AWD) versionsOn all-wheel-drive (AWD) versions, Autopista describes faster-than-usual deterioration of the transmission, and recommends more frequent gearbox oil changes than on the two-wheel-drive version.
- 46Medium severityFrequency: OccasionalOpel Corsa CEarly wear of wheel bearings, driveshaft boots and rear shock absorbersA German used-car guide points to wheel bearings, driveshaft boots (gaiters) and rear shock absorbers as common failure points on the Opel Corsa C at the technical inspection (TÜV/MOT).
- 47Medium severityFrequency: OccasionalPorsche Macan IVibrations and jerks at low speed caused by a transfer case faultSome Macan owners describe jerks and vibrations at low speed that ended in the repair or replacement of the transfer case (the unit that splits drive between the axles), and a reliability guide cites Porsche technical information with those same symptoms. There is no recall: these are testimonies and US technical documentation.
- 48Medium severityFrequency: OccasionalSeat Toledo IIIDamaged driveshaft gaiters that no longer seal the jointIn Dutch MOT inspection data (APK), a damaged driveshaft gaiter that does not seal properly appears in 7% of Toledo III cars from model years 2005, 2006 and 2008 and in 5% from 2007, and the source classes it as a major defect. These figures are for the Netherlands.
- 49Medium severityFrequency: OccasionalVolvo XC60 IINoise and limp mode in the automatic gearbox from wear of the all-wheel-drive driveshaftsWith wear, the all-wheel-drive driveshafts (propshaft joints) on the XC60 II can produce clicking and vibration when accelerating. fiches-auto.fr also describes episodes in which the automatic gearbox goes into a limp mode or abruptly reduces speed when it detects an anomaly.
- 50Medium severityFrequency: OccasionalVolvo XC90 IHaldex coupling or transfer case failure that leaves you without all-wheel driveAccording to a German buying guide, on the XC90 I the Haldex coupling can fail and leave the all-wheel drive inoperative; a faulty transfer case can also be the cause. It mainly affects cars built before the May 2006 facelift.
- 51High severityFrequency: RareBMW Serie 5 G30Jerking and failure of the xDrive transmission on all-wheel-drive versionsfiches-auto.fr documents the complete replacement of the xDrive transmission on a 2017 530d (€5,680 invoiced by BMW and covered by the warranty at 81,000 km); there are no statistics indicating what proportion of cars fail.Repair: €5,680
- 52High severityFrequency: RareBMW X5 F15Transfer box judder under part throttle on the X5 F15Gebrauchtwagenberater.de identifies the transfer box as a weak point of the X5 F15 with four-wheel drive (all except the sDrive25d): the fault shows up as judder when accelerating under part throttle.
- 53High severityFrequency: RareMINI Countryman R60Noises and faults in the ALL4 four-wheel-drive system (driveshaft, transfer case, differential)According to the reports collected by fiches-auto.fr, ALL4 versions of the Countryman show, in specific cases, driveshaft noises and transfer case or differential faults, between about 46,000 and 168,000 km. It is a minority pattern.
- 54High severityFrequency: RareRenault Koleos IIVibrations and breakage of the four-wheel-drive transfer caseAccording to testimonials collected by fiches-auto.fr, 9 Koleos II owners cite vibrations and noises from the four-wheel-drive transmission; one case describes the transfer case between the axles breaking at 75,000 km. There is no official campaign.
- 55Medium severityFrequency: RareBMW Serie 5 F10Flexible disc failure on the propshaft of the 2010-2011 5 SeriesGebrauchtwagenberater.de reports a recall for a possible failure of the flexible disc on the propshaft of F10/F11s built from December 2010 to June 2011, with a risk of the car being immobilised.
- 56Medium severityFrequency: RareBMW X1 E84Driveshaft flex disc failure on the 2010-2011 X1Gebrauchtwagenberater.de records a campaign for a possible break in the driveshaft's flexible disc on X1 E84s built from December 2010 to June 2011, with a risk of being left stranded.
- 57Medium severityFrequency: RareBMW X3 G01Jerking and uneven shifts in the automatic gearbox and xDrive transfer casefiches-auto.fr collects reports of the X3 G01's xDrive transfer case causing jerking, vibrations or noises, and of the automatic gearbox going into limp mode or shifting unevenly because of hydraulic pressure faults.
- 58Medium severityFrequency: RareBMW X6 F16Thumps and vibrations from the xDrive transfer caseAccording to the fiches-auto.fr data sheet, two reports on the X6 50i with 450 hp at 88,000 km describe thumps, vibrations when manoeuvring or transmission faults; the data sheet points to internal discs, the actuator, oil or tyres of different circumference.
- 59Medium severityFrequency: RareLancia MusaDamaged driveshaft gaiter (constant velocity joint boot) on 2004 Lancia MusasIn the Dutch technical inspection, a damaged driveshaft gaiter that no longer seals properly is one of the three most common defects on Musas built in 2004 (8% of that year's defects), and the inspection classes it as serious. It does not appear among the most common defects in other years.
- 60Medium severityFrequency: RareNissan Primera IIIWear of the driveshafts and differential on the Nissan PrimeraAccording to the fiches-auto.fr reports, there are 5 cases of driveshafts or differential on the Primera. It is a low figure and comes without technical detail.
- 61Medium severityFrequency: RareŠkoda YetiHaldex four-wheel drive: faults from unchanged oilThe Yeti's Haldex four-wheel-drive coupling can cause problems if its oil change is neglected: Gebrauchtwagenberater.de links it to front wheels spinning, and Parkers describes it as 'temperamental' if neglected, with many 4x4 Yetis already running as front-wheel drive only.
- 62Medium severityFrequency: RareVolvo V70 IIHaldex coupling failure in the all-wheel driveOn second-generation V70s with all-wheel drive, Gebrauchtwagenberater warns that the Haldex coupling can fail and leave the 4x4 system not working. It only affects AWD versions; the source gives no mileage or frequency.
- 63Medium severityFrequency: RareVolvo XC70 IIHaldex coupling failure in the Volvo XC70's all-wheel driveAccording to Gebrauchtwagenberater, the Haldex coupling on the second-generation V70 (of which the XC70 is the crossover version) can fail and leave the all-wheel drive not working. The article gives no mileage, frequency or cost.
- 64Low severityFrequency: OccasionalRover 45Driveshaft gaiters torn or looseTorn or loose constant velocity joint gaiters are the second most common fault on Rover 45s at the British MOT test. With the gaiter open, grease escapes and the joint ends up making noise when turning.
Problems with the driveshafts and transmission by make
Problems with the driveshafts and transmission in your car
4 cars have several documented faults with the driveshafts and transmission. Choose yours to see only the ones that affect them, by engine and by year.
How much it costs to repair a fault with the driveshafts and transmission
Sorted from the most expensive repair to the cheapest. Prices in Spain including VAT (parts and labour); what each figure includes is on its page.
- Jerking and failure of the xDrive transmission on all-wheel-drive versions
BMW Serie 5 G30High severity
- Garage
- No data
- Dealer
- €5,680
- Published figure[1]
How we calculate costs · The most expensive repairs across all engines
Frequently asked questions
Which engines have the most faults with the driveshafts and transmission?
By severity and frequency, the BMW B57 (EGR cooler leaks on the B57 (limited action on the 540d xDrive), high severity).
Which cars have problems with the driveshafts and transmission?
Among those we have analysed: BMW X3 E83 (fragile xDrive transfer case, with jerking under acceleration), Porsche Cayenne II (transfer case wear (all-wheel drive) and oil leaks from the transmission), Ford Transit (rear propshaft bearing support without the intended bushes), Infiniti Q50 (driveshaft (propeller shaft) with insufficient fatigue strength: risk of fracture), Lancia Ypsilon III (faulty front right driveshaft that could break while driving (late 2018 cars)), Mercedes-Benz Clase G W463 (front right driveshaft retaining ring incorrectly fitted or missing, with a risk of wheel lock-up (December 2017 to April 2018)), BMW Serie 5 F10 (xDrive transfer case fault on the 5 Series F10) and BMW X1 E84 (xDrive transfer case failure on the X1 E84). In total, 62 cars with documented faults with the driveshafts and transmission.
How much does it cost to repair a fault with the driveshafts and transmission?
It depends a lot on the engine or car. At a dealer, from €5,680 to €5,680, including VAT, based on the 1 fault with a documented cost. The most expensive is jerking and failure of the xDrive transmission on all-wheel-drive versions (BMW Serie 5 G30).
What symptoms does a fault with the driveshafts and transmission cause?
The most frequently cited in the documented faults: abnormal vibrations or unstable idle, jerking or juddering when accelerating, creaking or clicking when turning the steering wheel, gearbox or clutch noise or rattle, clutch slipping and visible oil leak.
Sources
Every fact on this page links to its source. If you find an error, let us know.
- Fiabilité BMW Série 5 (2017-2023): pannes et avis de propriétairesFiches-auto.fr · Motoring press · consulted 27 September 2026 · in French